Most of the information will initially be linked to the wikipedia site since although it doesn't have highly technical information, it does have alot of this information summarized and in the wiki format already.

More detailed links and information are definetly welcome.

OUTPUT

OpenGL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opengl

Ddraw (DirectDraw):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectDraw

Direct3D:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct3D

MACHINE

CGA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter

Tandy/PCJR (CGA Plus):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PCjr
http://www.oldskool.org/shrines/pcjr_tandy

VGA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA

Hercules: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card

SOUND

MIDI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI
MPU-401: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPU-401
Roland MT-32: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT32
SoundBlaster: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundblaster
Gravis UltraSound: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravis_Ultrasound
PC Speaker: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_speaker

MISC

Glide: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_API
Real Mode (Virtual 8086): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_mode
Protected Mode: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode
GPU: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
PCI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI
ISA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture
MS-DOS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
RGB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB
Composite Video: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video
Composite Monitor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_monitor
EGA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter
MDA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_Display_Adapter
CRT: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube
TFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFT_LCD
Extender: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_extender
VCPI/DPMI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCPI
High Memory Area: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Memory_Area
Expanded Memory (EMS): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Memory_Specification
XMS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMS
Extended Memory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_memory
NETBIOS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NETBIOS
Null Modem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_modem
DAC: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-Analog_Converter
SVGA: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVGA
ADLIB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdLib
Frequency modulation synthesis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis
ASPI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPI
SDL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
Smacker: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smacker_video
Imuse: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMUSE
FreeDOS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeDOS
X86: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
Mode X: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_X
S3 Trio 64: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_Graphics